Ethical Considerations in Leadership Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Big Businesses and Monopolies of the 1800's Essay

Large Businesses and Monopolies of the 1800's - Essay Example The fundamental businesses, steel, mining, sugar, transportation, horticulture, transport building, wine and so on., were under restraining infrastructure control in all states before the new activity which came toward the start of the twentieth century. Under conditions approximating unadulterated rivalry, cost was set in the commercial center. Value would in general be only enough above expenses to keep minimal makers in business. In this way, from the perspective of the value setter, the most significant factor was costs. On the off chance that a maker's cost floor was underneath the overall market value, the item would be created and sold. Since the maker in such a market had little tact over value, the estimating issue was basically whether to sell at the market cost. Restraining infrastructure steel industry and sugar creation was firmly associated with nature of rivalry and powerlessness of contenders to acquaint new serious items with the market. While expenses and request co nditions outline the value floor and roof, serious conditions assisted with figuring out where inside the two limits the genuine cost ought to be set. Response of contenders was the significant thought forcing useful restrictions on estimating choices (Slichter 1948). During the 1800's, 'common restraining infrastructures' existed in certain businesses. ... All the more explicitly, a cartel was a deliberate relationship of makers of a ware or item composed with the end goal of facilitated showcasing that was planned for settling or expanding the individuals' benefits. A cartel was participate in value fixing, limitation of creation or shipments, division of showcasing regions, centralization of deals. Numerous little organizations had the privilege and commitment to make a move that secured and cultivated the flourishing of the organizations, however they adhered to 'quiet market and moral standards' which helped them to contend (Witzel, 2003). While expenses and request conditions surrounded the value floor and roof, serious conditions made by imposing business models assisted with figuring out where inside the two boundaries the real cost ought to be set. For example, if go with set significant expense response of contenders and purchasers was regularly the urgent thought forcing viable impediments on estimating. Such conduct thought about deceptive and was disheartened by accomplices and purchasers (Hansen, 1957). There were times when an organization in such a serious structure disregarded serious costs. Such exercises were additionally debilitated and killed which opened new open doors for rivals. Furthermore, poor market execution was likewise considered as a limitation on rivalry and the fundamental driver of imposing business models (Witzel, 2003). The vehicle division carried with it a wide range of challenges, not least the exceptionally regionalized nature of arrangement, the a lot of cash put resources into existing framework frameworks and the commitment of neighborhood specialists to make sure about vehicle arrangement. Financed creation of coal and mineral, overcapacity and modest

Magical Attic Flower Bouquet Coloring Page

Magical Attic Flower Bouquet Coloring Page A purrrr-fectly challenging coloring page for blooming young artists! Help children develop fine-motor skills with this fun but intricate coloring page from The Magical Attic. Decorating Crystal Cat's large bouquet requires some time, patience, and attention to detail - but the results will look amazing when tacked on a bulletin board or refrigerator! BCP Imagines BCP Imagines BCP Imagines designs and develops unique multimedia that brings children and their families creative, fun, shared experiences. Our award-winning cross-platform content encourages creative learning, expression and play while helping kids of ALL ages open their imaginations and look at their world in a new way. BCP Imagines' multi-award winning series Drawing with Mark brings the joy of learning to draw to all ages. The Magical Attic?, where anything is possible,? was created to help foster imagination and creative play while encouraging positive attitudes emphasizing the important lessons of kindness, friendship and helping others. Visit the Magical Attic store or purchase the Drawing with Mark collection!

An Issue Of Gulf War Rhetoric - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1885 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/10/31 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Gulf War Essay Did you like this example? Strategic misrepresentation through war rhetoric is typically subject to change, meaning a presidents rhetoric will often modify throughout the course of the war if it means gaining more support and swift action, as showcased in Bushs war rhetoric. Strategic misrepresentation gives the president the upper hand in war rhetoric due to their access of privileged information that is not readily available to anyone who might challenge their claims such as Congress (Campbell and Jamieson, 2013). Within war rhetoric multiple themes typically arise as discussed previously. A trending theme found frequently in presidential war speeches is the demonization of the opposition. This theme can fit within the characteristic of narratives or strategic misrepresentation. Two other themes that tend to arise within war rhetoric and fit within these characterizations are human rights concerns and defeating aggression. Synonymous with these themes is a unique facet of war rhetoric the rhetoric of atrocities (Ben-Porath, 2007). According to Ben-Porath, this dynamic of rhetoric builds on presidential crisis rhetoric and enemy construction described in narratives of specific atrocities, building the case for imminent war. It is important to note that when presidents use this rhetorical theme of atrocities, they turn to narrative form rather than factual description (Ben-Porath, 2007). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "An Issue Of Gulf War Rhetoric" essay for you Create order Themes within presidential war rhetoric emerge from the idea of America being humane and the other being savage. Presidents that desire support for a war will often use rhetoric of atrocities due to the empathetic reaction to the suffering of the helpless it produces, that consequently garners support (Ben-Porath, 2007). This is typically successful through the demonization of an individual or group of people as illustrated within Bushs speeches that surround The Gulf War. The two themes, human rights concerns and defeating aggression, can be umbrellaed underneath the rhetoric of atrocities, too. Both themes evoke empathy by shining a light on Americas values as a moral contrast to the oppositions barbarity.   The rhetoric of atrocities is marked by emphasis on the experiential component and the personalization of horror (Ben-Porath, 2007). Critical Analysis   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   President George H. W. Bush conveyed a strong narrative and strategic misrepresentation using supporting themes within his rhetoric to publicly influence The Gulf War or Operation Desert Storm. Its important to note this rhetoric differed from the past due to the pervasive presence of an international media able to provide both real-time coverage and instant analysis of both his actions and their consequences (Stuckey, 1992). Preceding allied military action in the gulf Bush delivered a speech titled Address on Iraqs Invasion of Kuwait on August 8, 1990. In this speech, Bush satisfies all five of the characteristics Campbell and Jamieson discuss. This speech is merely constructed as an argument to gain support for war sited in a narrative that indicates the best interest of humanity. Following this speech was the announcement of war against Iraq titled Address to the Nation Announcing Allied Military Action in the Persian Gulf and was delivered January 16 , 1991. While both speeches satisfy the five war rhetoric characteristics that were previously described, they slightly differ in theme emphasis. While Bush began his rhetorical justifications of The Gulf War by expressing his economic concerns in reference to the oil in the middle east (Hurst, 2004), the rhetoric shifted ultimately toward the themes and characteristics that have been discussed throughout this paper- arguments that carried more weight than the prior. Bush heavily played on fear appeals when striving for support of the war within his rhetoric, demonizing Saddam Hussein and Iraqis in the process. Bush painted a picture of Saddam Hussein and Iraq as being a hub of mass destruction weaponry, inhumanity and savagery. Bush called Iraqs invasion the rape of Kuwait and looked forward to a new world order where the rule of law supplants the role of the jungle (Ben-Porath, 2007). Throughout Bushs rhetoric in 1990, prior to the American invasion of the gulf, Hussein is demonized by being compared to Hitler: Saddam Hussein must pay for the pain and the hardship that he has caused. The world will hold him accountable, just as it held Hitler accountable in the wake of the destruction of World War II (Stuckey, 1992). Bush also said, theres a direct parallel between what Hitler did to Poland and what Saddam Hussein has done to Kuwait and theyve tried to silence Kuwaiti dissent and courage with firing squads, much as Hitler did when he invaded Poland (Hurst, 2004). This Hitler analogy was successful in gaining support in respect to the mass of the American public knowing very little about the context of events in the Gulf (Hurst, 2004). Bushs rhetoric through stereotypes and comparisons demonizes not only Hussein but also the entirety of Iraq and its people and implies the need for elimination. Iraq is often not regarded as a nation of human beings with a social str ucture supporting theme. So obsessed are our media and governments with Saddam Hussein that one gets the impression that no one else inhabits Iraq. The dehumanized men, women, and children of Iraq thus appear as blank spaces characterized by ontological emptiness (Muscati, 2002). Bush carried over the rhetoric of demonizing the nation of Iraq to focus on the demonization of Hussein, making it an easier pill for the public to swallow that we were at war with one individual rather than an entire [far-away] country: Hussein is the archetypal evil Arab/Muslim so it is now a fight against Hussein, and all that his persona represents (Muscati, 2002). This narrative shift was successful, gaining Bush more support for Operation Desert Storm. Bush took advantage of the use of narratives and demonization by framing Iraq as a brutal aggressor for twice invading its neighbors in the past ten years (Muscati, 2002). The demonization of Hussein was furthered when discussing his nuclear weapon intent. The use of narrative through demonization is demonstrated when Bush argues that every day that passes brings Saddam Hussein one step closer to realizing his goal of a nuclear weapons arsenal (Hurst, 2004). Bush dramatizes the notion of Hussein desiring more nuclear power by concluding if we dont take action now then Hussein will reach his nuclear goal. Another unambiguous demonization example is showcased through exhortation to unified action when Bush discusses the horrible nature of Hussein and his peoples violent acts as defying the values of human rights and freedom: While the world waited, Saddam Hussein systematically raped, pillaged, and plundered a tiny nation, no threat to his own. He subjected the people of Kuwait to unspeakable atrocitiesand among those maimed and murdered innocent children. The terrible crimes and tortures committed by Saddams henchmen against the innocent people of Kuwait are an affront to mankind and a challenge to the freedom of all (Bush, 1991). Bushs appeal to human rights concerns is magnified when noting his comment that the reports out of Kuwait tell a sordid tale of Brutality (Bush, 1990) and furthered when telling what became the medias favorite s tory: Bush claimed that Iraqi soldiers unplugged the oxygen to incubators supporting twenty-two premature babies and shot the hospital employees (Hurst, 2004). In addition, Bush claimed that dialysis patients were ripped from their machines and that two children handing out leaflets had been shot in front of their parents (Hurst, 2004). Bush rhetorically implied that human rights concerns in Iraq meant war was necessary and that it was necessary now. As discussed previously, defeating aggression was another common theme found within Bushs speeches in regard to The Gulf War. According to Hurst (2004), Bush made reference to aggression on 113 occasions. This tendency to use aggression as an alibi for war falls within the rhetoric of atrocities. Bush asserted that there is no place for this sort of naked aggression in todays world and that what Iraq has done violates every norm of international law (Hurst, 2004). By using this rhetorical strategy Bush is emphasizing the transcendent values that are being threatened, such as freedom, focusing on this being a violation of people rather than the international law (Hurst, 2004): Protecting freedom means standing up to aggression. You know the brutally inflicted on the people of Kuwait and innocent citizens of every country must not be rewarded (Bush, 1990). Bush incited wa r through his rhetoric by strategically misrepresenting multiple elements of Iraq in regard to the situation at hand. Bush accused the Iraqi regime of being separated from the civilized world . by centuries (1990), implying that Iraq belongs in a pre-civilized world. (Muscati, 2002). This strategic misrepresentation allows for more public support due to the conceptualization of Iraq being distance spatially, temporally, and morally from the West taking on the narrative of defending an entire worldview of humaneness and moral righteousness (Muscati, 2002). Due to the dramatic narrative Bush illustrated throughout his Gulf War rhetoric it was implied that being in support of the war was supporting the values of an American patriotism. This led to anti-war protests being perceived as anti-patriotic (Reese and Buckalew, 1995), framing the Gulf War as an indisputable patriotic decision. Bush narrates the necessity of The Gulf War as good vs evil America vs Saddam Hussein. Pearce and Fadely illuminate this conception: Bush found it easy to represent himself as a liberator and protector in comparison: a champion of values and beliefs of the United Nations; a harmonizer whose goodwill was tried and pushed to the threshold by a renegade bully who ruled his own nation wi th terror and coercion (1992). Bush cabinets the characteristic of thoughtful deliberation by testifying Now the 28 countries with forces in the Gulf area have exhausted all reasonable efforts to reach a peaceful resolutionhave no choice but to drive Saddam from Kuwait by force. We will not fail. (Bush, 1990) and by expressing that This military action, taken in accord with United Nations resolutions and with the consent of the United States Congress follows months of constant and virtually endless diplomatic activity on the part of the United Nations, the United States, and many, many other countries (Bush, 1990) (Pearce and Fadely, 1992). Bush repeatedly alludes to values within his speeches inciting the war is driven by those values, commonly characterized as unified action. Bush exhorts to unified action when literally stating I am convinced not only that we will prevail but out of the horror of combat will come the recognition that no nation can stand against a world united. (Bush, 1990) and by identifying wi th the American Audience asserting that No president can easily commit our sons and daughters to war. They are the nations finest. (Pearce and Fadely, 1992). Ultimately, Bush rationalizes his role as commander in chief by the intent to protect values and to unify by serving as a patriotic diplomat. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Presidential war rhetoric strongly influences the support of war especially through the implementation of characteristics and themes, as exhibited in this paper. George H. W. Bush employs common war rhetoric themes and characteristics throughout his rhetoric in effort to gain support for The Gulf War. Bush used the rhetoric of demonization, atrocities, human rights concerns, and defeating aggression to shape the narrative of disparity and hopelessness of Kuwait inciting the inevitability of American assertion in Iraq Operation Desert Storm. Bushs rhetoric shifted from the original intent behind the war (economical oil concerns) to rhetoric that emphasizes American values like unification and patriotism. The support for The Gulf War continued to increase as Bushs rhetoric further intensified the characteristics and themes.   Bushs war rhetoric exemplifies the pivotal role that rhetoric plays in influencing the support for a war.

Personal Values And Beliefs And Values - 872 Words

Personal values and beliefs My personal beliefs and values are on par with the present health care policy in the United States (U.S.). I value and believe in compassion, empathy and respect. People have the right to access basic medical care when they are sick. So, there should be universal healthcare for the people at a cost that is affordable to them. The health care charge must be on the basis of income with a cap. The people who are under the poverty line should receive health care at free of cost. As the income level increases, there should be a reasonable increase in the cost. I have learned and believe in trying to save all lives, using the necessary resources. All lives are valuable to me. Nursing, being the care of people sick or well in all settings values the concepts of promotion of health, prevention of illness, caring the ill, disabled and the dying. Hence, the nurses believe in advocacy, promotion of a safe environment, research and health policy-making (International Council of Nurses [ICN], 20 15). Beliefs and Opinions about the Health Care Policy The Affordable Care Act (ACA) helps provide the health care at an affordable price to everyone based on their income. Those who are in a certain range of income under the poverty line are eligible to have access to free health care. ACA has enabled more than 100 million Americans to have insurance and it helps reduce the rate of uninsured (Obamacare Facts, n.d.). Thereby, health promotion is possible throughShow MoreRelatedHealth Policy Values : Personal Values And Beliefs884 Words   |  4 PagesHealth Policy Values Personal Values and Beliefs As human beings, we all have our morals, beliefs, and mindsets that have developed throughout the direction of everyone’s lives. 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Currently if I had to list out my top five values in descending order they wouldRead MorePersonal values, belief and attitudes3993 Words   |  16 PagesPersonal values, belief and attitudes As human beings, we all have our own values, beliefs and attitudes that we have developed throughout the course of our lives. Our family, friends, community and the experiences we have had all contribute to our sense of who we are and how we view the world. As community services workers, we are often working with people who are vulnerable and/or who may live a lifestyle that mainstream society views as being different or unacceptable. 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The Purpose Of Barium Swallow Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

The most common positive or radiopaque, contrast medium used to visualise the GI system in Ba sulfate which normally merely referred as Ba merely. There is contraindication to barium sulfate. These mixtures are contraindicated and might hold possible opportunity to get away into the peritoneal pit. We will write a custom essay sample on The Purpose Of Barium Swallow Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now If big sum of Ba sulphate flight into the peritoneal pit, this can take to enteric infarcts or peritoneal inflammation. This flight may happen through a pierced syrupy or during surgery that follow the radiographic process. Pathologic indicant for Ba sups This process is done to bespeak when the patient have anemia, mechanical hurting on swallowing, reflux, Preoperative anatomical presentation, appraisal of trachea-esophageal fistulous withers and besides the appraisal of the side of perforation and besides indigestion. The diseased indicant for the Ba swallow scrutiny is achalasia, anatomic anomalousnesss, barrette ‘s gorge, carcinoma gorge, dyspigia and esophageal varices. Achalasia is a motor upset of the gorge in which vermiculation is reduced along the gorge. Next is anatomic anomalousnesss which caused by disease, such as malignant neoplastic disease of the gorge or possibly. Patients who suffer a shot frequently develop impaired get downing mechanism. Certain nutrients and contrast agents are administrated during the scrutiny for rating of the swelling forms. Dysphagia is trouble in get downing this may due to a congenital or acquired status, a at bay bolus of nutrient or redness. Narrowing and enlarged, flaccid visual aspect of the gorge may be seen during the Ba sup, depending on the cause of the dysphagia. The other indicant for Ba sup is, to bespeak carcinoma of the gorge includes one of the most common malignant of the gorge is ardeno carcinoma. The one of the symptoms of this pathology include dysphagia ( trouble in get downing ) . Last, foreign organic structure are besides can be detect by utilizing this process to the patient that ingest assortment of nutrient including a bolus of nutrient, metallic object and other stuff that will lodge the gorge. Contraindications Nonspecific, nevertheless low solar H2O soluble contrast agents are best used in probes where aspiration may happen. Preparation Patient readying. Before Patient readying No readying for Ba swallow scrutiny needed because gorge is empty most of the clip unless an upper GI series is to follow. If the patient is have oning anything metallic from the most to the waist must be removed. Ask the patient to alter to hospital gown. Before the fluoroscopic process is perform, a patients history should be taken and the scrutiny carefully explained to the patient. After readying When the process is done, the patient can go on their regular diet as usual. Take orally administered medicines unless the physician asks non to make so. In 48 to 72 hours after the process, patient stool possibly in grey or white coloring material. Patient may see irregularity and normally been treated by eating laxative. Ask the patient to imbibe a batch of H2O for several yearss to avoid irregularity excessively. If the patient experienced any unable intestine motion or undergo important alterations after the process, inquire them to reach their doctor. Equipment readying Before making this process, the radiographer should fix some equipment such as fluoroscopy table with 90/20 jousts, rapid consecutive skiagraphy ( to border per second ) or video entering possibly required for appraisal if the laryngopharynx and upper gorge during swallow. Some extra equipment besides should necessitate such as disposable cup, little cup for sparkling agent, tissue and besides a straw possibly required for consumption of Ba when the tabular array is horizontal and besides injection disposal equipment. Contrast agent readying In this process, 250 % w/v Ba sulfate suspensions of 100 milliliters are required. Gastrografin ( should non be used for the probe of a trachea-esophageal fistulous withers or when aspiration is possible ) . An sparkling agent will be required for illustration a combination of Na hydrogen carbonate and citric acid, to bring forth C dioxide to dilate the tummy. This will besides move as dual contrast agent against the Ba to heighten the visual image of the mucous membrane. Last, LOCM for about around 350mg I/ml is besides required in this process. Procedure The patient will be place behind the roentgenoscope equipment for the x beam exposure. The process begins with the patient in the vertical or vertical place and the cup of thin Ba is placed in the patients left manus closed to the left shoulder. Then, the patient is asked to get down the liquid in the cup utilizing a straw. The patient is so inquiring to take the effervescent granules ( either dry or assorted with a little sum of H2O if dry granule is excessively hard ) or other effervescent assistance, followed by citric acid. It is of import to affect on the patient that this will bring forth gas in the tummy and may give them the make fulling that they need to burp. To avoid this, the best manner is to state them to maintain swallowing. The enteric piece of land of the next gorge, tummy and duodenum are seeable when the Ba fills and coated it. The radiotherapist observes the flow of the Ba with the roentgenoscope. Swallowing of the thin Ba is observed with the patients in assorted places. The patient will inquire to revolve true 360o at their ain topographic point. This will guarantee all the surfacing facet of the stomachic mucous membrane is ready for the appraisal of the tummy. The patient is inquiring to turn to their left ( LPO ) where a topographic point image is taken. Then, patient will turn their organic structure back to the supine ( AP ) place and bend to their right ( RPO ) . Last, the patient is return to the vertical place, turn somewhat to their left and erect ( LPO ) . Film is taken to demo the distal gorge and the fundus of the tummy. The similar place will be used when the patient get down the thick Ba. The used of the thick Ba allows better visual image of mucosal forms and any lesions within the gorge. The type of Ba used is determined by the radiotherapist. After the vertical survey has been complete, horizontal and trendeleburg places with midst and thin Ba may follow. The x beam radiation is directing by the ten beam machine ( fluoroscopy ) through the patient ‘s tissue organic structure and to a movie on the opposite side of the patient ‘s organic structure. Different organic structure tissue will absorbed different sum of radiation that penetrates the organic structure tissue. The abnormalcies, different organ, and some conditions all become seeable on the x beam movie due to difference in the composing since the incursion of the x beam beam is block by them. Radiation Protection Radiation protection is used to except clinically unhelpful scrutinies. They are many ways to cut down unserviceable radiation like minimise the fluoroscopy clip and current so that merely the exact radiation is given to the patient. Use collimation during the process to minimise the field size. Give screening to the sensitive organ of the patient when possible. Introduce QA coder to optimise staff and equipment public presentation and to do regular cheques on. Use video recording equipment alternatively of utilizing cine camera during fluoroscopy. Install modern image intensives with digital image processing possible and sensitive ( e.g. CsI ) photocathodes. Use modern image intensive and topographic point movie photofluoroscopy with 100mm camera alternatively of skiagraphy whenever appropriate. Benefit Upper GI piece of land scrutiny is really safe and noninvasive process. This scrutiny besides leads to an accurate analysis of the gorge, tummy and duodenum. This is because, Ba is non absorbed by the blood the organic structure and allergic reaction due this scrutiny is really rare. No radiation will stay in patient ‘s organic structure after the process is done n X beam has really less side consequence in the diagnostic scope. Hazards Some patient may see allergic to the flavorer that is added in the Ba. The patient must state the physician if they are allergic to chocolate, citrus fruit or certain berries before the process. There is merely little opportunity that some Ba will stay in the organic structure, taking to a obstruction of the digestive system. So, patient who have an obstructor in the GI piece of land they are non allow undergoing this scrutiny. The effectual radiation dosage for this process is 6mSv which is the same as the mean individual receives from the background radiation in two old ages. Precaution Barium is non be used if perforation is suspected. Pregnant adult females are advised to avoid this process because the radiation exposure may impact the foetus. Role of radiographer Before Arrange the assignment and state the patient about the clip, the day of the month and the topographic point where the scrutiny will be held. As the radiographer, gave the radiation protection to the patient is really of import. Give the patient a shielding to protect them from the radiation that can harm them. The room must be set up decently before the scrutiny took topographic point. Make certain the room is clean and ready to be used. All the equipment ‘s like cassette 24Ãâ€"30 centimeter, little cup and straw and contrast media ( Ba sulfate/gastrografi ) must be prepared before the scrutiny started. Make certain that fluoroscopy unit is in good status. State the patient what they should make and do certain they are all prepared. When the radiographer fix the list for the scrutiny, do certain that the diabetic patient is on the first list. This is because, they have to take their medicine on clip and if the diabetic patient are being ignored, this will do injury to them. During Patient placement Focus oning Collimation Radiologists penchant Adequate supply of cassettes Identity of exposed and unexposed cassettes Exposure factor choice Table position- patient comfort and safety Hand clasps, pes remainder, pillow, reassuarance Drip if any Drumhead How to cite The Purpose Of Barium Swallow Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Organizational communication

Introduction Communication, either formal or informal is the most important tool in all businesses and other related organization. It is of great essence to take into consideration the actual act of communication when studying the hierarchies, channels and processes associable with communication.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Organizational communication specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is thus important to take into consideration that communication is human, and thus it comes with all the flaws and strengths of humanity. Organizations are especially held together by cooperation that is strengthened by communication. In such kinds of relationships and networks, information is a key aspect of the network. This is where communication gets its strength from since there is normally demand for properly relayed information between and among relevant parties. Information exchange, a key aspect of operational e fficiency in organizations is thus highly valued by organizations to the extent that organizations devise ways of making their communications effective. Good business communication skills both with fellow staff members and with customers are important for business prosperity. The success of a business is identified by the achievements of the business which depends on the relationship between the business stakeholders and can be achieved effectively through quality of communication (May and Mumby, 2005, p. 234). Communication enables a business to address its market availability in identifying and analyzing its competitive position in the market. It is only through communication that a business can establish its performance in the market from which it can realize and determine new and effective marketing strategies. This paper looks at the different channels and ways of communicating in business organizations as well as showing the importance of maintaining good communication skills in a business set up. Communication networks Communication networks are patterns through which information flows in an organization. Communication networks have been groups into two major divisions, centralized and decentralized networks. There are three centralized networks which are: The wheel network where information must be passed through a central figure in the organization that is considered to be at the centre of the wheel. An organization practicing wheel network for communication can be said to be an autocratic organization. The second network is the Y network. In this network, one of the members belonging to the network eventually becomes the epicenter of the network. Lastly, there is the Chain network. In this network, there is minimal control between members of the same network. An example of an organization in which this kind of network can be found is the military. Generally, this network is used in institutions where the flow of communication is top-bottom.Advertisin g Looking for term paper on business communication? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The second division which is the decentralized division consists of two networks namely: Star network which represents the usual basic patterns of communication in most organizations. Circle network which is a little similar to the star network where each member can communicate with another from both sides of the organization (Redding 1985, p. 465). Some basic differences between the decentralized and centralized networks depend on the performance and group morals of the networks. Centralized networks are mainly used efficiently in the simple tasks since its efficiency is much more in these tasks. On the other hand, the decentralized network is much more efficient in speed and accuracy in complex tasks. Decentralized networks normally promote higher levels of morals than their centralized counterparts. Communication channels in organizations Communication channels are means of through which information is passes within and between organizations. The most common channels of communication among organizations include; Formal communication which employs the use of hierarchy in an organization to pass over information. Thus, information is passed from the top organization directives to the bottom. This then means that subordinates receive information relating to the organization such as policy changes form their immediate supervisors. Similarly, for low level management to pass formal information to the top of the management, it has to go through the middle level management and up to the top superiors (Cheney et al 2004, p. 198). Formal channels of communication can therefore be divided further into the following sub-divisions: Downward formal movement which involves passing information from the top management down to the bottom. This channels ensure passage of information verbally which is much efficient than non verbal me thods. However, there is possibility of information delays due to the long channels involved. Upward formal communicating which involves passage of feedback to the top management from the subordinate staff. This channel uses tools such as reports and may not be effective due to possible lack of disclosure. Horizontal formal communication channel defines communication between organization members who have same hierarchical status. It is very significant in passing information within departments. Informal channel of communication which entails communication within an organization but not in the hierarchical manner. In this channel, any member of an organization can communicate directly with another regardless of their hierarchy. Informal communication channels are advantageous in accelerating the speed at which information is passed. However, its misuse may challenge the management organization. Unofficial communication channel is defined by spread of rumors and gossip within an organ ization. This channel mostly involves only peers of an organization and thus not everyone gets involved (Hekmat 2005, p. 1). Barriers to communication Whether or not barriers exist in communication depends on the characters of the communicating parties. The beliefs and values that shape people’s character and that come from their nature therefore become the source of the key barriers to communication between people. For instance, people tend to defend their dignity during conversations, and thus this may become a great barrier to communication. It however depends with an individual. This is because the need for a given defense, be it self-esteem or otherwise, may arise as a conversation continues or a person may have a long-term issues. For instance, a person may have the view that he/she is somehow inadequate, he/she may raise some defenses verbally to cover up for those inadequacies. â€Å"Employees, for example, whose egos cannot tolerate criticism, will simply not share information that exposes them to personal critique†. (Redding 1985, p. 47). This lack of self-confident causes such people to hold back from giving personal opinions such as suggestions or even unable to take initiatives with the fear of failing. Such people will not be able to communicate effectively in any business set up especially if they end up holding managerial roles. They tend to communicate in ways that do not provoke questions or any verbal directives which sometimes may not be as effective as face to face communication.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Organizational communication specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A close factor to lack of self-confidence is the lack of defensiveness where one is unable to communicate or pass certain information because of the outcome that may be associated with it. For instance, middle or low level employees may hold back information due to the fear that su ch information may bring some complications or other problems such as questionable vocabulary and employee vulnerability. However, an organization may face serious consequences because of that piece of information that was held back (Carpenter 1998, p. 1). For effective passage of information within and among organizations, members should learn ways in they can act against such barriers in order to promote openness and honesty, both of which are significant tools of communicating effectively. However, for employees to be open especially with their superiors, the management also needs to create an environment which makes the employee confortable and able to share views and opinions. Physical barriers may as well interfere with effective communication where some areas have restrictive rules which do not allow certain groups of people to enter. Physical separation of working areas also hinders communication between the staff members. Cultural barriers have continued to prevent effectiv e communication within organizations especially where team members have different cultural backgrounds. Due to the different perceptions of life associated with many of the cultural groups, such team members may have different interests which would drift them much far apart and lead to lack of open communication. Language barriers are similarly one of the greatest barriers to effective communication because in order for a group of people to communicate effectively, there must be understanding which comes along with familiarity of the language being used. For instance, in a business set up, the only way that the business can achieve marketing success is by using a language that is familiar with the market being targeted during promotions and advertisements (Carpenter 1998, p. 1). Despite much efforts to promote gender equality, there has been great barriers to communication as a result of gender identification where in most cases, women feel less obliged to give their views and expre ssions, a position that is traditionally viewed as a man’s responsibility only.Advertising Looking for term paper on business communication? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conclusion Effective communication in business organizations is very important as it helps create a favorable environment which is significant in promoting employee performance. It allows all stakeholders to take part in decision making which is equally important in growth of a business. However, open communication in businesses does not entirely lie on the management efforts to involve employees in participation of business maters but also calls for the members’ confidence from a personal level. An open communication channel requires courage as there is the need to communicate directly/verbally in order to pass information in a much more effective way rather than communicating indirectly through reports and the like. This is because verbal communication gives room for immediate feedback through questioning. â€Å"This is because open communicators have to articulate their positions in meetings, public arenas, and in print, they must be secure individuals, confident in their own positions, ability, and authority† (Carpenter 1998, p. 1). Despite the fact that open communication may create certain demands especially on the employees, the rewords associated with it is far much greater to both the employees and the organization. Similarly, honesty helps create an environment where everyone feels part of the organization through honest passage of information and this is basically what leads to the success of the organization. Reference List Carpenter, M. (1998). Communication barriers. Retrieved from https://catalog.flatworldknowledge.com/ Cheney, G. et al., (2004). Organizational communication in an age of globalization: Issues, reflections, practices. Long grove, IL Waveland press. Hekmat, S. (2005). Communication networks. Retrieved from http://www.pragsoft.com/books/CommNetwork.pdf May, S and Mumby, D. (2005). Engaging organizational communication theory and  research. Thousand oaks, CA: sage. Redding, C. (1985). Stumbling toward identity: the e mergence of organizational communication as a field of study. Mcphee and Tompkins, organizational communication: traditional themes and new directions. Thousand oaks’, CA: sage. This term paper on Organizational communication was written and submitted by user Faith Acosta to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.